BLOG
// ls -la ~/posts --sort=date
What Are Hash, Salt and Pepper? Why Passwords Should Not Be Simply Encrypted
A deep, practical dive into secure password storage; the difference between encryption, hashing, and password hashing; the role of salt and pepper; offline attacks; and building a real system with Argon2id and Python.
How Did Al-Biruni Measure Earth's Radius with a Mountain?
Reconstructing Al-Biruni's method for computing Earth's radius from a mountain's height and the dip of the horizon: triangulation, the horizon right triangle, and the full calculation in Python.
How to Build a Small Programming Language: From a Few Characters to Code That Actually Runs
Building a small but real programming language from scratch: variables, arithmetic, conditionals, loops, and error handling. Implementing the Lexer, Parser, AST, and Interpreter in Python and actually running a factorial program.
How Do Touchscreens Detect Your Finger?
A deep dive into capacitive touchscreens: capacitors, the electrode grid, computing X/Y coordinates, detecting Tap, Swipe and Pinch Zoom, the touch controller, resistive vs capacitive, and the geometry code behind a button click.
How Does Morse Code Work? When Two Symbols Were Enough to Communicate
A deep dive into Morse code: why two symbols are enough to build a complete communication system, why E is just a single dot, the role of timing and silence, the history of the telegraph, building an Encoder/Decoder in Python, and an interactive text-to-Morse converter.
How Does Bitcoin Work? Let's Build One Ourselves
A deep dive into how Bitcoin works by building a miniature version in Python from scratch: transactions, UTXO, Merkle roots, blocks, Proof of Work, mining, and tamper detection — with no bank in the middle.
The Singularity: The Point Where the Future Slips Out of Our Control
The real roots of the Singularity concept: from von Neumann and Ulam's 1958 conversation and I. J. Good's intelligence explosion to Vernor Vinge's 1993 essay. Why Singularity ≠ AGI, why the name comes from mathematics, the different scenarios, and why it may not be a "moment" at all.
If We Wanted to Build an AGI, What Would We Need to Put Inside It?
An engineering look at the components of AGI: multimodal perception, types of memory, reasoning, adaptive planning, world models, tools, continual learning, verification, and safety. With a conceptual architecture diagram, the jagged capability profile, and a small Python agent.
How Do We Train AI? From a Few Random Numbers to a Model That Actually Learns
A deep dive into how neural networks are trained: initial random weights, data and batches, loss, backpropagation, gradient descent, learning rate, overfitting, and how language models are trained. With complete, real PyTorch code on FashionMNIST.